NOTA DEGLI AUTORI
Questo libro è frutto di un progetto di ricerca di Osservatorio Asia, reso possibile grazie al contributo della Fondazione Carisbo, di Ima e di Accenture. A loro va il our thanks. The research was designed and conducted by the three authors have collaborated in writing the book and also Romeo Valentino Orlandi coat of arms. Tone and content of the work are the result of a collective work and shared by the authors, although the active preparation of its parts has been organized as follows: Romeo Orlandi wrote the introduction, Giorgio Prodi wrote Chapter 1, Ima cases, Comer, and Beghelli Euticals and Chapter 5 (except section 5.2), Paolo Barbieri wrote Chapter 2, the cases Natuzzi, Pirelli, Italmatch, and MiniGears SharMoon and Chapter 4, Lelio Gavazza wrote the case Mantero, section 5.2 and Chapter 6, Valentino's Coat of Arms wrote the chapter 7. Thank you also for the extraordinary helpfulness and courtesy all the people we interviewed and case studies of leading companies: Giampiero Beghelli and Graziano for Beghelli, Giuliano Spagnuolo for Comer Industries, Riccardo Anzuini for Euticals, Massimo Marchesini for Ima, Sergio Iorio for Italmatch, Mirella Privitelio for Mantero, for MiniGears Fabio Antonello, Giuseppe Cattaneo, Pirelli. Lelio Cavazza and Valentino coat of arms, in addition to writing the chapters mentioned above, respectively, were also interviewed for the case and the case SharMoon Natuzzi. In the inception phase of the project were very helpful advice of several members of the Scientific Committee of Osservatorio Asia, in particular Andrea Lipparini Romeo and Alberto Orlandi Forchielli. Marta Zucchelli collaborated in the collection of data in Chapter 1 and Matthew Bellomi worked with some interviews in China. INTRODUCTION This book is delivered to the press at the same time spread the news that China has surpassed Japan to become the second largest economy world in terms of GDP in absolute values. The statement is highly symbolic, but is neither unexpected nor exceptional. For a long time, China had already taken the same position, if one considers the wealth to GDP, a measure of purchasing power parity (PPP, Purchasing Power Parity). This is an appropriate criterion, for years used International Monetary Fund. In addition, the conquest of the position behind the U.S. to be seen in relation to the rightful allocation of production factors. It would automatically expect that the country with the largest population, with an area of \u200b\u200bgreat natural resources and scarce naturaliter is the world's largest economy. As is known, historical and political events have made the productivity of factors in China less than that of the landscape that is the first to have developed on a large scale. The performance of China is therefore a historical perspective, placing it in connection with the backwardness of the country and the spectacular leaps forward that are attested in the chronicles economic. The dialectic of interpretation is enriched a question that comes from afar and that, however, looks to the future, it is surprising that China is poised to become the first power in the world or that it already is? So study the characteristics of China's growth is a useful exercise to understand the pace at which it will continue and when China will resume the post he held for many centuries, the country's most populous and economically powerful in the world. Still remains a difficult prospect to imagine if and when the country will boast the highest per capita income, at least among large ones. For the moment the changes are confined to economic puissance, but are of epoch-making. Along with the rise of other nations with large populations, a trend that emphasizes Chinese novel: soon the economically stronger countries will not be richer. is clearly a reshuffling of the political and strategic assets of the entire planet. The goal of China is the latest in a series of successes. In 2009, the dragon has become the largest exporter of merchandise. Germany ousted after a run which has seen it pass in a few years, the traditional export powers, including Italy. Today, China boasts a 9.8 percent of world exports. The rhythms are more of his statement of its absolute value. The conquest of positions has proved fast and profitable. The export-led growth has been, at least until the crisis of 2008, the reference model, a guiding star of leadership. The increase in GDP was mainly due to investments and exports. The country has become a titanic machine goods, a huge factory for Humanity, which could be produced for every need. was an irresistible magnet for multinationals that have moved to the country's capital, machinery, intellectual resources and hopes. No other destination could offer, at least in principle, the same attraction in China: an unbeatable mix of low costs of production factors, labor, economic, inexhaustible and disciplined, political stability, mirage di un mercato infinito. Il paese ha attratto 160.000 aziende straniere e da anni è la destinazione dove maggiormente si indirizzano gli Ide (Investimenti diretti esteri). La delocalizzazione in Cina ha colpito sia le imprese dei paesi industrializzati sia le ambizioni di altri paesi emergenti, penalizzati dall’offerta cinese e ostacolati da una minore capacità negoziale rispetto al peso politico di Pechino. Un altro record cinese è la dimensione delle casseforti statali, dove sono conservate le più alte riserve internazionali al mondo. L’astronomica cifra di 2.475 miliardi di dollari deriva dall’afflusso combinato di capitali d’investimento stranieri e di attivi commerciali. L’importo non viene intaccato dai già massicci domestic investment. These are financed through the banking which collects the savings of the population, traditionally settled at very high levels. we can easily understand that the use of Chinese stocks is of a political nature, especially in times of crisis. In addition to the diversification of uses, it is highly likely that a part is used to finance overseas acquisitions, both private business and sovereign wealth funds. Purchases are made on an international scale and is likely to increase very soon to be themselves the most conspicuous in the world. China is therefore ready to cross the Great Wall, which had protected but also for long periods, doomed to immobility. After having lowered to attract foreign capital, now the cancel to add strength to his social experiment. is a signal that global diminish the protections, even the most entrenched. The Wall was both physical and ideological, aimed to highlight the uniqueness of Chinese civilization. National pride, consciousness of its history are not renegades from adventure abroad, rather they just China reaffirms its strength and its centrality. This is the ambition of China, knowing that you can not rest on success in globalization and that the country has become, simultaneously, more stronger and more fragile, for a continuous growth for not impoverished. The profits will come increasingly out of control, distribution and financial strength. The most important so far have been of raw materials, especially energy. Major mining countries like Canada and Australia, or producers of Africa and Latin America were the counterparts of the Chinese government. Added to this, and are increasing purchases of companies in developed countries. entrepreneurship is a phenomenon that is part of the political will to bring out the unique landscape on the one dimension of production, as summarized by the effective expression of the factory of the world monetary allocations are used to buy qualità, termine inteso nella sua declinazione più vasta: innovazione, tecnologia, affermazione del marchio, ottimizzazione degli approvvigionamenti, alleanze finanziarie. Questo percorso di emancipazione dalla quantità» poggia su un altro binario: lo sviluppo del mercato interno. Si tratta contemporaneamente di una scelta e di una necessità. Rivela l’urgenza di porre rimedio ad una situazione di plateale sperequazione sociale. La Cina è divenuta più ricca e più disuguale. Probabilmente è divenuta prospera velocemente proprio perché ha rinnegato l’egualitarismo maoista. Ha prevalso la convinzione che la ricchezza è trainata dalle disuguaglianze. Affermava Deng Xiao Ping nel 1985: Non è possibile arricchirsi tutti insieme. Lasciamo che alcuni si arricchiscano per primi e poi aiutino gli altri a farlo . La distribuzione della ricchezza è sbilanciata, ma non più estendibile. Le differenze sociali sono eclatanti e soprattutto visibili. Il rischio di instabilità sociale è forte, perché la società potrebbe aver messo in moto meccanismi non più controllabili. Il governo ha alcune opzioni: revisione del meccanismo delle imposte, estensione del welfare dopo lo smantellamento, aumento delle retribuzioni per i meno abbienti. Quest’ultima soluzione è praticabile per via indiretta. La dirigenza sembra appoggiare le rivendicazioni salariali che hanno scosso la Cina con un’inedita diffusione. Un aumento dei salari avrebbe conseguenze benefiche anche sui consumi interni e sulla determinazione di trasformare il paese verso ambiti più qualitativi. Maggiore costo della manodopera significa scoraggiare gli investimenti delle multinazionali in fabbriche labour intensive. Settori maturi, come il tessile ed il calzaturiero, possono essere adeguatamente trasferiti in altri paesi emergenti, dove i costi sono ancora più bassi. L’attrazione dei capitali stranieri si baserà, dunque, sui vantaggi reciproci, da negoziare su un base paritaria. Maggiore reddito disponibile sarà, infine, necessario per rinnovare il modello di crescita, imperniandolo sulla domanda interna. Una domestic led growth è all’orizzonte di Pechino e, sebbene con tempi diversi, della comunità d’affari International. For China it is necessary to move away from the international cycle. is obviously an attempt to make less binding dependency, not self-sufficient roads impossible to travel. The crisis sparked in 2008 had put China in a dramatic situation. The decline in demand, especially in the United States, was immediately impacted on the export of China: Thousands of factories have closed down, 20 million workers were unemployed. The acute phase was soon overcome, thanks to a maxi-Keynesian intervention by the government. However, the risk may recur, and it is easy to imagine that the fate of the country can not be left to factors beyond our control. The first phase storage / production has therefore closed successfully. The second is in progress and is facing new challenges. The conjunction between the two periods is the ongoing ability to deliver value, be always the principal in the supply chain. From this assumption, apart from the ambition of this book. The authors attempt to emerge from the simplified analytical identifying China as a viable synthesis of political control and low wages. These characteristics are necessary but not sufficient for the development of contemporary China. Not constants are all interrelated and spectacular success if the entire national system, despite its complexity, does not move in the same direction. The flagship of China was, and still remains, the production of wealth, the creation of value. If the first phase was focused on the buildings, the second is wider horizontally. After turning denghista, the country is not out of the groove in developing countries: the industrialization through the production of manufactured goods at low unit cost. The current phase has been enriched with sophistication that will be cut in the book. Workers were added to the incessant communications, infrastructure, logistics, high-speed trains, the ability to work in networks, optimization of supply. These are the real reasons why corporations continue to favor China. The low cost of manodopera è comune nei paesi in via di sviluppo, ma lì la supply chain spesso si interrompe all’uscita dai cancelli delle fabbriche. Al contrario, la Cina continua a progredire nelle infrastrutture: nei primi otto mesi del 2010 il porto di Shanghai ha conquistato la supremazia mondiale. Fedele alla convinzione di Osservatorio Asia – La conoscenza è un fattore di successo – il lavoro si snoda attraverso tre parti: l’impostazione teorica dell’analisi, la verifica empirica con dieci casi aziendali tra i più significativi del panorama italiano, le conclusioni strutturate sulle evidenze scrutinate. è un lavoro nel quale il metodo è ugualmente importante del merito. Senza un approccio articolato e senza un’opportuna dose of humility, you could not understand a complex phenomenon, new and sometimes confusing. An efficient synthesis have been given by Yang Yuanqing, chairman of Lenovo, the Chinese company that made the famous first acquisition abroad. In 2004, it bought the PC division of IBM, in an attempt, so far managed to put together factors and skills to produce wealth. The Lenovo was in fact, since 1997, the most popular PC brand in China. His statement is exemplary in its dryness: In a world with only one time zone - "now" - the sphere of business must find the materials, innovation, talent, logistics, le infrastrutture e la produzione dovunque siano disponibili al meglio . Abituarsi a convivere con un ciclo di lavoro senza pause può risultare inquietante, un ritorno al passato che le società industrializzate e democratiche sembravano aver sconfitto. La specializzazione del reperimento dove più vantaggioso appare, invece, un terreno neutrale, dove potrebbero e dovrebbero emergere l’intraprendenza, l’acume, la capacità di rischio. Dalla Cina arriva una sfida sulle competenze, secondo un modello sconosciuto all’Occidente, e proprio per questo meritevole di approfondimento.
Paolo Barbieri is a researcher in the Faculty of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Bologna. Doctor of research in engineering and management, has been 'visiting scholar' at the Michigan State University and the Clarkson School of Business.
Lelio Cavazza, expert supply chain management and strategic consulting and executive, is managing director of Greater China for the Bulgari Group. And 'member of the Scientific Centre of Asia.
Giorgio Prodi is a researcher in Applied Economics at the Faculty of Economics, University of Ferrara and a member of the Scientific Committee of Osservatorio Asia. With 'The Mill' published 'A sometimes produce' (with Romeo Orlandi, 2006) and 'Making the land of the services' (with Sauro Mezzetti, 2009).
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